The Neoclassical Axioms Placed On Individual Preferences Economics Essay

The Neoclassical Axioms Placed On Individual Preferences economics EssayCritical Analysis of the Neo Classical consumption theories of Marshallian gain(prenominal) outline and Hicksian tranquillity analysis. In place of the concept of utility by Alfred Marshall, the composure wrench technique has introduced the term cullences instead of the cardinal modus operandi system, which is said to measure the strength of a consumers desire, the impassivity meander substituted ordinal number number system of first, second, third etc., to signify the consumers scale of alternatives. The concept of peripheral utility has been replaced by the borderline rate of substitution. And against the Marshallian pro parcelality rule to suck the consumers equilibrium, sputum diverge technique has advanced the equality between the borderline rate of substitution and the value ratio.UnrealisticThe Marshallian assumption of cardinal measuring of utility is really restrictive. It shoots too much from the human mind. Utility is a mental phenomenon and the precision in the measurement of utility fall apartd by Marshall is delusive. It is criticised that new guess of indifference analysis only jumps from the hot up pan of the difficulty of measuring utility into the fire of the unreality of take for granted consumers complete knowledge of all his scales of preferences or indifference map. The indifference curve technique envisages a consumer who thinks of innumerable possible confederacys of considerablys and his relative preferences for them.Absurd quietude curves include even the most ridiculous combinations which whitethorn be farthermost removed from a consumers habitual combinations. For example, while it may be dead sensible to comp are whether three pairs of shoes and six shirts would give him as much satisfaction as two pairs of shoes and seven shirts self-examining both(prenominal) the approaches of Marshallian Utility analysis and indiffence curve technique are found on the psychological or introverted method. The law of diminishing marginal utility, which is psychological in nature lies at the bottom of law of contain. Indifference curve too is base on introspection. This technique is criticised as introspective and hence Samuelson introduced demeanourist method of devising demand theory.Relation of transitivity objectedArmstrong has criticised the relation of transitivity involved in indifference curve technique. gibe to him, the consumers indifference arises from his inability to perceive the difference between alternative combinations of goods. This is payable to the fact that the difference is too slight to be noticed. If that is true, the relation of indifference become non-trasitive. This knocks the bottom out of the whole system of indifference curve analysis.Limited empirical NatureIn Hicks-Allen theory, indifference curves are based on hypothetical experimentation. They are based on imaginary indifference cu rves, although attempts have been made recently to derive them experimentally.The theory of Revealed Preference is associated with the heel of Paul Samuelson and the theory is called the behaviourist ordinal utility theory. Instead of the unrealistic assumptions that the consumers operate with a complete and consistent scales of preferences set out in the form of indifference curves, most economists now prefer to analyse situations in which their hypothesis stinker be tested. Both Marshallian utility analysis and Allen-Hicksian indifference curve technique apply the introspective method or the personal method. But Samuelsons revealed preference theory makes use of hypotheses which are observable and testable. thither is thus a shift from the psychological to behaviouristic explanation of consumer behaviour. accord to the revealed preference theory, the consumer is supposed to reveal the nature of his preferences. He introduces the goods he would prefer to purchase in a given sit uation even though he may not be able co to show his scale of preferences on an indifference map. Thus, in a theory of revealed preference, it is inessential to assume that the consumers faeces describe their preferences on indifference map. This is the most Copernican merit of the revealed theory. Also, as Sir Johns Hicks observes, revealed preference theory lends itself to use by econometricians.Axioms of Revealed Preferences causeIt is assumed that the consumer is rational or ideal. That is, the consumer seeks to maximise his satisfaction from the resources he has. He allow choose a combination of goods which he seems most satisfying.i.e., which he prefers the most. In one set of market conditions, he selects one combination and his choices pass on be different under different market situations. congruityIt is in like manner assumed that the consumers choices are consistent. The choices of actual consumers may not be consistent but those of the ideal or rational consumer ma y be supposed to be consistent. This consistency implies means, for instance, that if a piece of musicicular combination of goods P is better than Q combination and Q is better than R, and so P must also be assumed to better than R.TransitivityTransitivity ensures that there should be no such circular relationship. That is if P is better than Q and Q is better than R, then R will never better than P or Q will never better than P.Positive Income Elasticity of DemandAnother very important assumption underlying revealed preference theory is that the income-elasticity of demand of the consumer must always be positive. That is, if his income increases, his demand for the commodity must also increase it should not remain the same (i.e., zero elasticity) and it should not also abate (i.e., negative elasticity) as it happens in the case of inferior goods.Strong orderingA distinguishing feature of Samuelsons revealed preference theory is that of Strong Ordering. In a strong ordering, for each one item in a consumers scheme of purchases is delegate a definite place or number and at each number there is only one item so that the consumer in spades reveals his preferences. For instance, a consumer reveals his preference when he is sight to choose, say Q combination of goods in preference to all others and he rejects the rest, In other words, choice reveals preference by choosing one combination and rejecting others, the consumer has shown his definite preference.As indifference advocates in Weak Ordering there may be some items which cannot be arranged in order or preference, so that the consumer is unable to indicate which items he prefers to which. As the combinations of goods on the same indifference curve are concerned because they represent the same level of satisfaction. Since they are equally satisfactory, the consumer can not reveal his preference. The conventional indifference curve is an illustration of delicate ordering because all points on the same i ndifference curve are equally prefereed to represent a non-ordered group. The assumption under lying the indifference curve technique, viz., that a consumer is capable of ordering all conveivable alternatives indicated by several(prenominal) points on the indifference curve, appeared obviously to be unrealistic.Samuelson, therefore, rules out the possibility of abstemious ordering. By revealing the preference, the behaviour of the consumer is reflected. That is how the revealed preference theory derives a demand theorem from the actual observed behaviour of the consumer. The axiom of strong ordering provides the demand operational link between observed choice behaviour and the behaviourists offbeat conclusions. Thus, the relation of indifference is rejected on operational grounds.Demand TheoremBy revealed preference hypothesis, Samuelson has tried to demonstrate inverse relationship between price and the amount demanded by assuming income elasticity of demand to be positive.Samue lson landed estate the demand theorem under the title Fundamental Theorem of Consumption conjecture as any good (simple or composite) that is known always to increase in demand when income alone rises must definitely shrink in demand when its proce alone rises. In this proposition, income elasticity of demand has been assumed to be positive.This theorem can be illustrated by the following diagram.In this diagram consumers income in legal injury of good X is shown by OB and in terms of good Y by OA. If he spends his entire income on these two goods X and Y, AB is the price line. It is assumed that the consumer choose the combination represented by Q on the price line AB as giving him the maximum satisfaction.If the price of X rises, then the new price line will be AC by contracting the demand of X from OB to OC.In this situation, Q which put the consumer in equilibrium before, becomes now beyond his reach. In order to achieve the same combination of Q, consumer is compensated wit h an extra income to chastise the higher price resistance and new Price line DE agree to AC but passing through Q is drawn.CE amount currency is needed to attain this new price line and this extra coin is called as Over Compensation Effect by Samuelson. Since Q combination becomes available, he will not choose any combination lower than Q (i.e., QE part of DE) If he selects Q, it means that he selects the same amount the goods X and Y as before. If he chooses any combination above Q on QD portion of DE, it means that he selects little amount of good X and to a greater extent amount of good Y. This shows the substitution effect of the price rise.Merits of Revealed Preference TheoryThere is no doubt that it is an improvement on the Marshallian utility analysis and Hicks-Allen indifference curve technique.It is behaviouristic and draws the demand theorem from the actually observed behaviour of the consumer. On the other hand, both Marshallian Utility analysis and the Hicks-Allen i ndifference curve techniques are introspective and give psychological explanation of consumer theory. The revealed preference theory studies not an ideal or imaginary consumer and hence, it is more scientific and realistic. behaviorism has the great advantage of treating the things based on observation and it will never be wrong.Revealed Preference analysis steers clear if tge dubious assumptions upon which the earlier theories were based. Both Marshallian Utility analysis and indifference technique were based on the utility maximisation rationale which is more restrictive and difficult to be realised. On the other hand, Revealed Preference theory steers clear of the utility maximisation principle and uses instead the consistency principle to derive the demand theorem. Consistency axiom is less restrictive and more realistic.Indifference analysis is based on the assumption of doggedness while Revealed Preference theory does not assume persistence. Indifference curve is continous in the sense that it depicts all conveivable combinations some of which may be so unrealistic as to be ridiculous. That is why Prof. Samuelson gave up the assumption of continuity. Although price line is drawn continuously, yet no continuity is actually involved because the theory is based on the actually observed choice of the consumer from among such combinations as are actually available in the given price-income situation.Conclusion1With all the flaws in the revealed preference theory, it is to be admitted that this theory is superior to other demand theories in that it applies a scientific and behaviouristic method to consumers demand. By waving out the assumption of continuity and utility maximisation, the consumer theory put forward by Samuelson has become less restrictive and his enunciation of the preference hypothesis makes a valuable contribution.