Textbook Analysis

University of Latvia Faculty of arts De tell apartment of slope Studies Textbook Analysis 3rd year, group B student Kristaps Briedis Riga 2013 Introduction The Focus on groundbreaking English C. A. E. is indite by Sue OConnell and initiatory published in Pearson Education Limited at the Edinburgh Gate, Harlow in year 1999, and the translation at hand is the thirteenth impression printed in 2006. The textbook is oriented for students preparing for the Cambridge credential in advance English examination.Further, the epitome of syllabus will be based on the significant abandoned in the revised and updated edition of the good English C. A. E. The whole text book consists of 240 pages. It includes fourteen units, which atomic number 18 separate according to diverse effects (e. g. Severe Weather, Time Eaters, Stress etcetera ). Each unit of the Advanced English C. A. E. is devoted to the development of to severally one(prenominal) language skills hearing, make-up, listen, speaking. Moreover, there atomic number 18 grammar and vocabulary tasks in each unit. atomic number 53 unit from the Advanced English C. A.E. (whole 12 Living Dangerously) was chosen for the analysis of the whole book, beca utilisation each unit is devoted to the development of plainly language skills and thus, it is enough to analyze only one of them in instal to understand how the whole book acidulates. Reading Reading foot be defined as the process of constructing meaning from written texts (Online 1). Thus, acquire reading skills means sagaciousness the text what one reads. But wherefore do we need to understand what we read? match to Harmer (2001200), there be devil types of reasons for reading.The first is instrumental reason, which means that people read because it helps him/her to procure particular goal (e. g. people read road signs in line of battle to cope where to go). The other type is c every last(predicate)ed pleasurable. That means that the reason for reading slightly particular text is to get pleasure (e. g. reading illustrated cartoon). Thus, it does not issue what reason the student has, it is important for him/her to pr wreakice reading skills. Unit 12 of the Advanced English C. A. E. offers the students two reading use of goods and servicess.The first text is the cartridge holder article called Living Dangerously. It contains virtually 400 course and is divided into 8 paragraphs. at that place is a pre-reading exercise, which students should do before reading the main text. The pre-reading exercises trip the students and encourage their involvement in the topic and theme of the text (Online 2). by and by doing a pre-reading and a mend-reading activity, students be asked to fill the gaps in the article choosing the graceful paragraph (from A-G) given after the text.In invest to achieve a world- coarse understanding of a text, the students do extensive reading, which includes s rout outning (a quick reading, direction on locating specific in smorgasbordation) and skimming (a quick reading to know how the passage is organized and to get an idea of the intention of the writer) (Online 3). Finally, the post-reading exercise is given to run off how the students contract understood the text and to develop their critical thinking. In this exercise the students atomic number 18 asked to find given expressions in the text and work out the meaning of them from the context (e. g. ested interest might mean a personal stake or involvement in an undertaking or situation). As the warrant task, a newspapers article You are caught in a fire then what? is given. It is about two periods longer than earlier article (about 800 words). Firstly, students are asked to scan the text (to read it quickly) in order to be able to answer rough questions in pre-reading activity (e. g. Who devised the natural selection Game and wherefore? ). Then, students should read the article more guardedly in order to do the following post-reading exercise. This type of exercise is different from the first one.In the second case students have to answer bigeminal choice questions. There are 6 questions with 4 answers in each. Some advantages of this type of exercises are the following multiple choice exercises require less time than some written tasks, it is considered to be more objective than a usual written task, and it will allow assessing ones knowledge without taking into cast all the irrelevant factors (Online 4). penning Writing is said to be a method of representing language in visual or tactile mental strain (Online 5). And more important it is a skill of marking coherent words on paper and composing text (Online 6).There are some(prenominal) reasons why composing is important, for example, the cleverness to express ones thoughts and ideas, communicative competency (letters), also it serves as a record, as in expressing ones ideas for future references (Online 6). Ther e are different types of paper written material to inform, educational writing, writing to entertain, persuasive writing and motivational writing (Online 7). To improve writing skills there are some essential instructions that need to be performed research, think, organize, write, edit, revise, relax (Online 7).Two writing exercises are included into the unit 12 of the Advanced English C. A. E. The first exercise is writing an article (250 words) about an enkindle adventure. The textbook has a good approach to the writing tasks as it provides a Task Checklist, where there are several guideline questions concerning format and approach, case and organization, style and the target reader, for example, Who are the magazine readers? or What language features are needed for this content? .Also the textbook provides a Writing File, where the features of different types of writing formal and informal letters, articles, reports, reviews and so on are sh testify. The second part of the exercise is the involvement of some structures in the article in order to emphasize or add some dramatic effect, for example, writing sentences using inversion (a reversal of normal word order) or cleft structure (A construction in which some element in a sentence is moved from its normal position into a separate clause to give it greater emphasis) (Online 8).The second exercise on writing consists of writing a memo (50 words) and a report (200 words) about the security in collage. The essential part in this task is to use the information that is already given, but using ones own words. The task also has a Task Checklist with the guideline questions and indication to the Writing File and also includes the account statement and tips on writing a memo. Advanced English C. A. E. aim is based on covering different types of writing.The Unit 12 included persuasive writing (writing a memo), which improves the skills of argumentation (Online 7), and informatory writing (writing an article). The tasks are well organized and diff utilise to understand, they provide intelligible instructions and also some tips for writing the given type of the text. to boot there is a supplement, where the features of the different types of texts are enclosed, so it is easy for a student to rapidly find the necessary information. Listening Listening is the capability to accurately receive messages in the communication process (Online 9).Listening is not an easy process because the listener should concentrate and understand everything what he/she hears on the spot. It is impracticable for the listener to adjust the pace of speech, listen again or check an unknown word. In addition, audition is not the aforesaid(prenominal) as audition as listening means paying attention to not only what is being told, but also to the manner how it is being told. According to the statistics, adults dismiss approximately 70% of time communicating, while approximately 45% of the time spent o n communication is listening (Online 9).After a short explanation on what is listening and why it is so important in casual communication, it is essential to wait on how listening is taught in schools. The textbook under analysis provides largely two (in some units one) listening tasks in each unit. According to Rost (2002), listening tasks can be divided into terce phases pre-listening, while-listening and post-listening. This division is not always present in the textbook because in quite m either of the tasks pre-listening or post-listening is missing.Pre-listening and post-listening are very important because pre-listening is like a unwind for while-reading as it activates the background knowledge andintegratesthe directions of listening (Helgesen, 1998), while post-reading allows the bookman to build mental representations and develop shortterm second language memory, and increase motivation for listening a second time (Rost, 2002). The textbook presents such pre-reading tasks as questions on the theme and vocabulary related exercises. In Unit 12 two vocabulary related exercises are offered as lead-in tasks into the following istening tasks as well as into the whole unit and theme. All while-listening tasks are divided into four different types or separate (as they are called in the book). In parts 1 and 2 a monologue or sometimes a dialogue can be heard. The task type employ in these parts is mostly filling in the gaps. The students are time-tested for ability of hearing specific information (or bottom-up listening), which, according to Helgesen (1998), is quasi(prenominal) to scanning. He writes that listening to specific information is nasty as students feat to catch everything, often taking the time to mentally translate it into their bewilder tongue (Helgesen, 1998).A longer recording of a word of honor or intercourse can be heard in the part 3. The students ability of understanding the text as a whole (or top-down listening), includi ng the gist and specific information, is tested in this part. The task types are filling in the gaps, sentence completion and four-option multiple choice questions. In part 4 five dollar bill short extracts can be heard. pupils are asked to get word the situation or topic, the manner and the attitude of speaking, the goal of the speaker or specific information. The task types are multiple matching or three-option multiple choice questions.The while-listening texts are in the form of formal and informal conversations, habitual announcements and private messages. The while-listening tasks in Unit 12 are of parts 1 and 3. Both exercises are filling in the gaps, and the recording can be heard twice in each of them. The few post-reading tasks are mostly questions on the theme, for example, the task in Unit 12 asks to imagine yourself in the situation connected with the previously heard text and discuss what you would do yourself, which is quite creative and interesting post-reading e xercise.Most of the tasks are one-way as all input comes from an outside source (like a videotape) to the learner not from outside, for example, a speaking partner (Rost, 2002). In addition, the listening sub-skills, such as skimming, scanning, note-taking, understanding attitudinal and conceptual meanings, understanding unfamiliar lexical items through context, understanding relationships in spite of appearance the sentence, also are taught in the textbook (Online 10). Speaking Speaking isthe pitching of language through the mouth (Online 11). Speaking skills enable learners to enter the residential district of the target language (Kramina, 2000 86).This vocalized form of language usually requires at to the lowest degree one listener (of course, some people talk to themselves ) speech can flow naturally from one person to another in the form of dialogue, or it can also be planned and rehearsed, as in the delivery of a speech or presentation (Online 11). According to Kramina (2 000), to act as a speaker participating in the communicative process, the learner must be able to carry out a while of skilled actions which comprise cognitive, linguistic, and phonetic skills. There are speaking tasks throughout the textbook under analysis that help practice and enhance those skills.There are four parts to the speaking tasks in Advanced English C. A. E. each focusing on different speaking skills and sub-skills. Part 1 focuses on general social language general social English and the ability to interact with other people in English. Part 2 focuses on transactional language ability to give information clearly. Part 3 practices duologue and collaboration skills, and Part 4 is designed to test the ability to report, explain, take up and to develop a discussion naturally. Pictures and other visual prompts are used in move 2 and 3 to cue various tasks.Unit 12 of the textbook under analysis includes four speaking tasks three of them concerning Parts 3 and 4, and o ne on Part 2. According to Kramina (2000) the development of communicative ability requires a range of suitable classroom activities that should provide learners with a degree of communicative urgency so that they have something interesting to assign and a reason to announce with their partners. Learners may be motivated to communicate by the enjoyment of playing a game, the challenge and satisfaction in solving a problem or completing a project.Tasks 1 through 3 focus specifically on problem solving. In task 1 the learners are faced with an unfinished statement and five possible variants to conclude it the learners are to engage in a discussion and give well-founded answers to the follow-up questions. The correct answers can then be found on the answer page of the book. Task 2 consists of parts a and b. Part a is a work in pairs, where each of the participants are to imagine themselves in a particular problematic/ difficult situation and have to come up with a sound solution, or choose one from the already given visual prompts.In part b, the participants have to briefly explain to the rest of the class the decisions they came to with their partners, and say how far they see to it or disagree with the opinions of others. Task 3 is a discussion of points concerning the topic of the unit. Several questions are given, designed to encourage the learners to use their existing knowledge on the subject, brainstorm for new solutions and express personal opinions. Next to these three tasks, tips are given on how to develop the discussions further by listening and responding to what your partner says and allowing the partner to comment on what you say.The last speaking exercise of the unit concentrates on both presenting information clearly and listening carefully to the information given by a partner. students have to work in pairs and each gets a picture to look at the pictures are of the same scene but there are several differences between them. First, Student A is to describe the left-hand side of his picture in detail, while Student B listens carefully and notes any differences (without interrupting), and when A has finished, B should mentions any differences noticed.Then vice versa, Student B describes the right-hand side of the picture, while Student A studies for differences. When students are done with both parts of the task, they are to look at the two pictures together and compare their answers to the list given on a different page. This textbook is, however, lacking tasks that would help with the phonetic skills development, so it would be up to the teacher to help students learn the skills to articulate the annotation appropriately. (Kramina 2000 65)Conclusions Although Focus on Advanced English C. A. E. is a textbook designed specifically as an integrated course for students preparing for the Cambridge Certificate in Advanced English examination, it covers all the essential language skills for foreign language teaching and is suitable for English language acquisition, and is generally a good material for the preparation of several other English examinations, e. g. , the English examination of alternate education in Latvia.The textbook offers 14 units covering a wide variety of stimulating topics, authentic reading texts from a range of sources, thoroughgoing practice of all language skills, a Grammar File with detailed information of all points covered in the units, and a Writing File with feigning text types and useful language, all coming from the experienced teacher, teacher trainer and examiner Sue OConnell. References 1. Harmer J. (2001) English Language teaching. England Pearson Education Ltd. 2. Helgesen, M. 1998) ESL Magazine. 1 (4) 24-25. forthcoming from http//www. mgu. ac. jp/ic/helgesen/marc. article2. htm Accessed March 5, 2013. 3. Rost, M. (2002) Listening Tasks and Language Acquisition. Available from http//jalt-publications. org/file away/proceedings/2002/018. pdf Accessed March 5, 2 013. 4. Kramina, I. (2000) Linguo-didactic Theories Underlying Multi-purpose Language Acquisition. Riga University of Latvia. Online Sources 1. Available from http//lrs. ed. uiuc. edu/students/jblanton/read/readingdef. tm Accessed March 6, 2013. 2. Available from http//tlc. cet. ac. il/ShowItem. aspx? ItemID=ccd2b528-84f5-4078-a76f-d6b1243f26e9&lang=EN Accessed March 6, 2013. 3. Available from http//fis. ucalgary. ca/Brian/611/readingtype. html Accessed March 6, 2013. 4. Available from http//www. multiplechoicequestionsservice. com/multiple-choice-questions-advantages/ Accessed March 6, 2013. 5. Available from http//www. omniglot. com/writing/definition. htm Accessed March 6, 2013.