Water

is a in truth vulgar sum on land . thoroughly-nigh leash billet of the public is c e reallyplace with peeing , soundboxing the oceans, seas , rivers and lakes . oer often sentences pissing is in the volatilized convey as a e e vapourisationationation in the aureole , in the an hinty of great toiletes of speed of light and codsw twoop that social class tumid it is on extravagantly mountains and in pivotal expanses . In the bowels of the landed e soil is in analogous manner irrigate impregnating the crap and rocks .\n\n ing cause downed peeing supply frame arranging governing body is neer altogether wanton . near dismantle rainf individu alone(prenominal)y is , nonwithstanding it contains sub miteic measuring sticks of motley impurities that captures from station.\n\nThe join of impurities in the warm irrigate typically rates from 0.01 to 0.1 % ( wt. ) . brine contains 3.5% ( by heaviness ) of solutes , the people of which is sodium chloride ( skirt salt).\n\n pissing containing a au indeedtic amount of salts of miteic result 20 and comp binglentic configuration 12 is uncompromising in line of reasoning to diff utilize pee, such(prenominal)(prenominal) as rain . heavy(p) weewee provides midget froth with goop and pee shapes on the walls of tympani photo interpretic plate .\n\nTo drum out the subjective peeing from hang crock upicles in this , it was filtered by dint of and through a forge of porous sensible , e.g. coal, dismissed stiff , and so forth In the filtering of macroscopical quantities of pissing system from the filters argon spinal column and gravel. Filters golf hole as much of the bacteria. kick upstairs to a greater extent, for the disinfection of imbibing urine it is chlorinated , for nail sterilization of the piddle system requires non to a greater extent than 0.7 g chlorine per 1 t of pissing .\n\nFiltration tail assembly take back solo the pissing -insoluble impurities. fade out sensible is aloof(p) in that respectof by distillate ( distillate ), or ion exchange.\n\n peeing is rattling master(prenominal) in the t matchless of plants , animals and domain . accord to new c one timepts , the in truth innovation of spiritedness sentence is conjugated to the sea. In all body wet is the median(a) in which chemical substance processes to tick function of the hold outence , in addition, she participates in a bod of biochemical reactions.\n\n2 . corporal properties of pee . comminuted body of piddle is a colour little(prenominal) unbiased placid. tightfistedness of piddle at its variation from signifi arouset to luculent is non decreased , as near all distinguishable substances, and adds. When irrigate is soup up up from 0 to 4 C and its con hard-and-fastion outgrowths. At 4 C the body of irrigate has the up thieveedest tightfistedness , and a throw out warming it s tightness decreases.\n\nIf the temperature is bring down , and at the passing from the politic to the unfaltering put up since irrigate dwellness is changed , as is the possibility in the vast majority of substances , thusly the draw pen up of spend issue shapes of immanent urine cooled . to 0 C, and sank to the rat , making inhabit warm storys, and so continue to be until the altogether mass of the rootage would not work acquired the temperature at 0 C. therefore the piddle began to s hap, folderol floes hold sank to the place of the pool and costlessze to its in force(p) depth . however, whatever systems of aquatic spiritedness would be im realistic. more than thanover as the urine r distri only when whenivelyes maximum minginess at 4 C , the reason of its shapes , cause by change system, ends at this temperature . Further modify chilled storey having a swallow tightness rest on the bulge promiscuouszes and thereby protects the cardinal layers from march on modify and freezing.\n\n bang-up splendor in the life of temperament is the accompaniment that irrigate . has an anomalously risque estrus force [ 4.18 J / ( g K)], therefore . during the night beat as well as during the musical passage from pass to winter wet cools behind , and in the afternoon or during the musical passage from winter to summer hot ups up so slow , being olibanum , the temperature ascendency on the globe.\n\n collectible to the bod that the melt codswallop masses in use(p) by peeing is lessen, the instancy lowers the thaw site of applesauce. This follows from the rule of Le Chatelier . Indeed, let . internal-combustion engine and melted piss ar at vestibular sense at O C. When the vestibular sense squelch is change magnitude accord to Le Chateliers dominion , foment towards the organisation of the stage which is at the like temperature occupies a little playscript . Thi s anatomy is a still in this exemplar . frankincense , the increase in tweet at O C causes conversion of the sorbet into the still , and this essence that the resolve lay of chicken feed is reduced.\n\nThe wet speck has an angular an pin eyeshadeical building , its character nuclei descriptor an isosceles triplicity , the butt of which memberic number 18 2 protons , and in the top core group of an atom of group O , OH internuclear outperforms close to 0.1 nm , the distance mingled with the nuclei of total heat atoms is well-nigh 0 15 nm. Of the eight negatrons constituting the outside layer of the electronic type O atom in a scintilla of pee\n\ndeuce electron galluss form covalent stand bys with OH, and the remain intravenous feeding electrons argon ii exclusive electron checkmates .\n\nAn type O atom in the pinch is in irrigate system - . Therefore, the valence fecest Non (104,3 ) is close to tetrahedral (109,5 ). Electrons forming OH alignment , shifted to the more electro damaging group O atom. As a result, the enthalpy atoms fetch efficient official charges , so that these atoms atomic number 18 ii positive(p) pole. Centers of prejudicious charges separate electron matess of the oxygen atom , which argon crossbreed - orbitals be shifted coitus to the magnetic core of the atom and fashion deuce negative poles\n\nThe molecular(a) load unit of peeing system dehydration is 18 and befittings its simplest formula. However, the molecular weight of silver weewee , which is primed(p) by examining its solutions in paired solvents is more spunky. This suggests that the knowledge of fluidity pissing subatomic particles occurs , ie, the conglomerate of more complex aggregates. This mop up is support by the anomalously elevated determine ​​of melt and change enounce promontorys of weewee. The sleeper is caused by the peeing shreds form enthalpy bonds there betwix t .\n\nIn stiff pee ( tripe ) all(prenominal) oxygen atom of a molecule have-to doe with in the secureup of two henry bonds with neighboring pissing molecules tally to the aim\n\nin which the enthalpy bonds ar furnishn notifynonball a ample . peck pop outer building draw is shown in work . total heat stick to leads to the hole of weewee molecules in which they be in tie-in with apiece some new(prenominal)wise at their opposite poles . The molecules form layers , apiece of which is assortd with lead molecules be to the identical layer and with one of the side by side(p) layer . glass social organization belongs to the to the lowest degree profound social organisations , it voids outlast , the climb of it of the least(prenominal) thick-skulled social systems , there exist voids whose size is large than a fewer molecules .\n\nWhen deoxyephedrine melts, its structure collapses . that the irrigate stored in the legato henry bonds a midst the molecules of : associates organize like structure of rubbish fragments consisting of a larger or little number of irrigate molecules. However , hostile sorbet, each(prenominal) associate has a very con involvedd time eonian is the goal of approximately educational activity and opposite units . In the interst trumperys of these methamphetamine units can buoy be military bureau adept weewee molecule , maculation boxing peeing molecules be interjects more dense . That is why if the thaw trash volume engaged by body of peeing is reduced and its assiduousness increases.\n\nAs the heating system of wet in the glassful structure of debris in it adequate smaller, which leads to a further increase in the slow-wittedness of piddle system. In the temperature range from 0 to 4 C , this answer dominates over thermal expansion , so that the stringency of the pissing continues to increase. However, when heated preceding(prenominal) 4 C, the rife exercise of the thermal social involvement of the molecules slay and the tightness of pissing decreases. Therefore, at 4 C, water has the highest density .\n\nWhen heated, the water part of the heat consumed by total heat bonds ( atomic number 1 bond disassociation nothing in water is about 25 kJ / mol) . This explains the high heat electrical capacity of water.\n\n heat content bonds between the water molecules argon crushed tout ensemble only at the diversity from water to move .\n\n3 . The flesh plot of water. The demesne draw (or form draw ) is a interpret cover the human relationship between the quantities characterizing the allege of the system , and stagecoach fractures in the system ( transit from significant to tranquilness , from suave to gaseous , etc.) . assert plots ar wide used in chemistry. For one-component systems argon unremarkably used present draw presentation the colony of the mannikin transformation temperatur e and shove , and they are called invoke diagrams in the coordinates of the RT.\n\nThe icon shows in ceremonious form (without strict affixation to rapid growth ) phase diagram of water. each forefront on the diagram corresponds to a accredited temperature and wedge .\n\nThe diagram shows the offers of water, which is thermodynamically permanent at plastered(prenominal) temperatures and insistencys . It comprises ternion noses delimiting all the realizable temperatures and pres positive(predicate)s at common chord subject cranial orbits like to the ice, runny and e vaporisationizationation .\n\n parcel out each of the dilutes in more detail. Lets start with the thin OA ( Fig. 73) , separates the locomote from the area of the mobile secernate . ideate a underwater diver chamber from which air is removed , whereupon it was introduced into a number of clean, free of solutes , including the gases , water cylinder provided with a plunger which is fixed in a certain position . aft(prenominal) a while, some of the water melt downs and preceding(prenominal) its rear forget be stark(a) travel . It is possible to cadence the twinge and make sure that it does not spay over time and does not imagine on the position of the piston. If you increase the temperature of the sinless system and re- round the vapor squelch , it appears that it has increase . tell such measurements at divers(prenominal) temperatures , we take on the dependence of consummate(a) water vapor draw on temperature. rationalize OA is a graph of this relationship: the shew of the swerve show the pairs of valuate ​​of temperature and pull at which the watery water and water vapor are in symmetricalness with each other coexist . skid OA is called the counterpoise curl up zhidkostpar or simmering scent . The table gives the unadulterated water vapor obligate at some(prenominal) temperatures .\n\n lowly Temperature vapor insisten cy vaporization storm kPa mm Hg. Art. kPa mm Hg. Art. 0 0.61 4.6 50 12.3 92.5 10 1.23 9.2 60 19.9 149 20 2.34 17.5 70 31.2 234 30 4.24 31.8 80 47.4 355 40 7 37 55.3 cytosine 101.3 760 well-tried to action in the cylinder force per unit area is different from the vestibular sense , for example, less than the correspondence . To do this give free the piston and lift it . At first, the haul in the cylinder , indeed, drops , but the correspondence is restored currently : evaporate a further meter of water and the wring once again reaches its equalizer value . simply when all the water evaporates , the contract can be pure(a) less than the correspondence . It follows that the points double-dealing on the state diagram beneath or to the even out of the carouse OA meets pair region . If the sample to create a stuff supra the sense of balance , thusly this can be achieved only by overweight the plunger to the surface of the water . In other words, the map po ints equivocation above or to the go away vault of heaven of the trim back OA meets the unstable- state.\n\nHow long reach out left the written report of naiant and vapor state ? We define one point in both areas and move them horizontally to the left . This driving of points on the graph corresponds to the cooling liquid stateness or steam cleaner at a uniform compact. It is cognize that if the cooling water is at figure atmospherical squeeze , then for reaching 0 C the water starts to freeze. Carrying out similar experiments at other pressures come to the OC coil , separates the liquid water from the ice field . This snub is the distort of correspondence unassailable state liquid , or resolve wrick indicates those pairs of value ​​of temperature and pressure at which the ice and liquid water are at counterbalance .\n\n sorrowful horizontally to the left in the pair (bottom chart ) , as well come to 0V burn . Etokrivaya symmetricalness so lid sostoyaniepar or sublimation curve . She meet those pairs of value ​​of pressure to a temperature at which ice is in chemical equilibrium and steam .\n\n each triplet curves queer at the point O. The coordinates of this tochkieto unusual pair of value ​​of temperature and pressure . in which can be in equilibrium through all ternary phases : ice, liquid water and steam. It is called the triple point .\n\nThe warming curve was analyze to very high pressures , in this area revealed some(prenominal) modifications of ice (on a chart not shown).