Multi-User Resource Allocation Techniques

Question: Discuss about the Design of Multi-User Resource Allocation Techniques for Uplink of LTE-Advanced. Answer: Evolution of LTE-Advanced Systems Scope Communication is one of the vast changing and demanding part of science. The evaluation of the fourth generation mobile communication system aimed at performance and efficiency in the high mobility environment. LTE-Advanced is considered as one of the 4G technologies. LTE advanced technology fulfill the service demands of multiuser heterogeneous traffic environments for high data rate applications. Optimal operations of 4G technology can be achieved by intelligent implementation of the radio resource management layer. LTE systems can be scheduled at three different levels packet level, admission level and class level [1]. Both LTE and LTE advanced technology take the advantage of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Accesses (OFDMA). OFDMA is a multi carrier scheme as it allocates resources to multiple users. OFDM technique is used by OFDMA while SC-FMDA technique is recommended as the 3GPP LTE transmission technique. SC-FMDA is a modified technique as compared to the OFDMA while it almost has the same complexity level as OFDMA has. Basic scheduling and resource allocation is the set of users that determine RB users and set transmit power on each RB. To avoid interference, single user is assigned at single RB. For the purpose of transmission, maximum amount of power is always available at each base station and mobile user [2] [3]. Multi user downlink: Vast theoretical and experimental research has been done on multi user downlink that stated that multiplexing gains are available in downlink multi-user MIMO. Transmit beam forming technique is used to distinguish the user channels and serve multiple users simultaneously [4]. Multi user uplink: A very limited work has been performed on distributed multi-user uplink WLANs. Till yet distributed multi-user uplink are neither standardized nor commercialized for WLANs. Sequential contention is used to enable multiplexing by the Existing WLAN uplink multi-user solutions. The limitation of sequential contention is that it incurs control overhead which ultimately increases the linearly with group size [5]. Requirements LTE systems include cell capacity, latency, mobility, peak data rate, flexibility of the spectrum, provided and extended. The peak data rate must be 100 mbps in downlink and 50 mbps in uplink and bandwidth should be within 20 MHz. The cell capacity must support 200 active users within a bandwidth of 5 Mhz. Latency must be 5ms in user plane and mobility must be optimized to support 0-15 km/h. Spectrum flexibility must be between 1.25 and 20 MHz. Key elements in the LTE systems are wider bandwidth upto 20 MHz, flat IP architecture that supports direct communication between base stations, MIMO supports multiple data transmission and reception and it also increases the signal quality and data reception. The current spectrum flexibility of LTE is between 1.25 and 2.5 MHz. the mode of operation are FDD and TDD. Current peak data rate for downlink is 326.4 mbps and for uplink is 86.4 mbps [6] [7]. A couple of crucial requirements were proposed by Young Yong Kim and it's associated in his paper for the novel and energy efficient internet of Things (IOT) communication scheme. They stated that a large number of communication devices must be supported with low power consumption ability [8]. Critical Review of LTE and LTE Advanced LTE stands for Long Term Evolution network. The main approach to develop the LTE Advanced is to facilitate the fourth generation cellular wireless systems of the mobile services. The most promising techniques used in the current scenario is Device - to- device (D2D) communications as it improve the spectrum utilization and also provides wireless peer to peer services in the LTE advanced. Initially to communicate between user equipments (UEs) one has to establish both Uplink and Downlink communication in the mobile mode passing through the base station but now D2D communication technique facilitate one user equipments to directly converse with the other user equipment by reuse of cellular resources. Basically two major challenges are faced by the users while enabling D2D communication technique in a cellular network. The first challenge is related to the quality of service of the D2D communication technique as minimum quality of service is needed to be guaranteed. The second challenge is related to the performance of the cellular devices as it is affected by the obstruction in the D2D devices caused by the cellular users. To address the above defined challenges ajoint scheme of block scheduling and power control scheme has been introduced forD2D communications in LTE-Advanced networks. This scheme addresses the above challenges and also maximizes the spectrum utilization [9]. Literature Review In past years mobile industry has experienced a tremendous growth of subscribers. Growth in number of subscribers has increased demand for the advancement of the current mobile networks. Increase in the number of subscribers has delayed the speed and restricted the bandwidth of various applications such as web browsing, video streaming, video chat, and voice over IP (VoIP) etc. Eventually LTE network has come as the most trusted methods to overcome these problems [10]. LTE is recognized by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) with an aim to lower down the latency, deliver high throughout and enhance spectral efficiency with respect to previous 3G networks. 3GPP mobile networks changes shifted the use of Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) to OFDMA. OFDMA is a powerful way to resolve the ISI problems as it simplifies the channel equalizers. The concept of resource allocation in LTE networks is significant to understand as it includes algorithm for both uplink and downlink scheduling. The first algorithm was designed to work in the downlink. For real time application in LTE networks, downlink algorithm is scheduled in two stages. In the first stage, digital filter theory based on resource allocation mechanism is presented. This is called as moving average scheduler (MAS). This moving average scheduler defines sampling time, amount of data for each real stream to fulfill the requirements of the quality of service of each stream. The second stage is related to the allocation of resources. This stage uses a professional fairness (PF) scheduler. The second algorithm is related to the uplink work and it is dependent on the Genetic Algorithms (GA). This tool is designed especially for handling the complex optimization problems. Genetic Algorithms (GA) is an important tool currently used for resource distribution for the LTE uplink [11]. As per Kwan, Leung and Zhang [12] a novel multiple scheduler improved the overall performance of the LTE networks with increasing co-relation among OFDMA sub-carriers. This shows that in case of large number of users sub-optimal scheduler is more attractive than any other scheduler [12]. El-Hajj and Dawy [13] stated that joint uplink and downlink resource distribution can be performed in OFDMA networks. For this regularization can be done for coupling between downlink and uplink directions. This additional term is beneficial in controlling the resource allocation through minimizing difference between the downlink and uplink rates [13]. Anchora and its associates explored a novel approach of resource allocation in the LTE systems based on the game theory. They explored a cross layer approach where limited amount of information is exchanged by a scheduler and a radio resource to provide both a high throughout and a satisfactory level of equality among flows [14]. Lee, Shin and Lee [15] studied various Uplink multi user selection scheme in a Multicell environment especially for MIMO systems and they proposed an Interference Aware User Selection Scheme (IAUSR) for this system. This scheme works in a distributed manner. The Author has focused on the uplink multiuser MIMO systems in a multicell environment and tried to build up a user selection scheme. For the development of the user selection scheme they proposed two steps. The first step is related to the beam forming vector of each multiple mobile station. In the next step each base station chooses a set of users for serving them at the same time to analyze the multiuser diversity and the interference of neighboring cells on them. The development of user selection scheme is necessary to get the desired link performance. The requirements for the development of multiuser selection scheme are significant to analyze in order to achieve the highest sum rate and to embrace a comparative fairness amo ng the users [15] [16]. Xi and Zoltowski [17] considered transceiver design for uplink multiuser MIMO communications. In transceiver design multiple transmitters choose beam forming at the receiver to access the linear spatial equalizer simultaneously. Authors have investigated the crucial issues in the design of beam forming weights for all the transmitters. They presumed that information related to the state of user channel is available with each of the users. On the basis of the analysis of the design, a class of orthogonal Joint Beam Forming Design Scheme was proposed by the researchers. An Eigen beam forming scheme (Eig-BF) was also proposed by the researchers along with ordered successive interference cancellation minimum mean square error receiver (OSIC-MMSE). Further these two schemes were evaluated with the optimal joint transceiver design to calculate the overall mean square error (MSE). After comparison, the results showed that Eig-BF OSIC-MMSE scheme showed near-optimum performance with much sim pler transmitter design at much lower complexity. The design of the Eig-BF OSIC-MMSE scheme can be implemented in a decentralized way due to efficiency to know its CSI. On the other hand the orthogonal beam forming schemes carry out the straightforward receiver structure at much higher cost [17] [18]. Multiuser access scheme are developed for spectrum sharing system. Primary users can utilize spectrum shared by secondary users under some specific conditions. One condition is that interference at the primary use must be below to the predefined threshold. Basically there are two scheduling schemes to select a user from those who have fulfilled the interference constraints and achieved an up to standard signal to noise ratio level as per the predefined signal to noise ratio level at the secondary base station. The first suggested scheme is for the users who have reported best channel quality. To lighten the high feedback from the users of the first scheme, the second scheme proposed was dependent on the concept of switched diversity. In the second scheme the work of base stations is to scan the users one by one till an appropriate user is found [19]. Simulation of the uplink resource allocation scheme used in LTE-Advanced Figure 1: Simulation of the uplink resource allocation scheme used in LTE-Advanced using Matlab Recent Developments Yaacoub and Dawy [20] described that wireless technologies are continuously advancing the new systems to overcome the growing demands of customers for high speed mobile internet services. OFDMA is one of the technologies which has been chosen as the multiple access scheme. The reason for choosing this scheme is to satisfy the demand for high speed reliable data services. Need for delay sensitive applications along with high speed internet data to play games on mobile and to facilitate video conferencing has been increasing day by day and it has mandated the need for upgrading the state of art OFDMA based wireless communications system with efficient resources allocation schemes. Initially, uplink and downlink were treated independently for resource allocation. Recently, Queue Aware Resource Allocation Schemes are anticipated in this segment for providing delay guarantees for real time services. This scheme has been studied for both uplink and downlink directions independently. Good q uality is required in both the directions to achieve end user satisfaction. When coupling is performed between the downlink and uplink directions in order to determine the quality of service of a particular user, in this situation the problem objective and formulation changes accordingly. For example when a user uses a mobile game application it has a good channel situation in the uplink direction but downlink direction goes in bad channel condition. In this situation the network suffer from bad quality. This situation occurs because data is sent at a very high speed while receiving speed is very low which notably affects the service interactivity [20]. Referneces Dr. Abhijit Mitra, "A Curriculum Development Cell Project Under QIP," Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, 2009. Rukhsana Ruby, "Uplink Scheduling And Resource Allocation Schemes For Lte-Advanced Systems That Incorporate Relays Or Carry Heterogeneous Traffic," University of British Columbia, 2015. radio-electronics. (2016) www.radio-electronics.com. [Online]. https://www.radio-electronics.com/info/cellulartelecomms/lte-long-term-evolution/lte-ofdm-ofdma-scfdma.php Adriana B. Flores, Sadia Quadri, and Edward W. Knightly, "A Scalable Multi-User Uplink for Wi-Fi," Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 2016. Hua Wang, Claudio Rosa, and Klaus I Pedersen, "Radio resource management for uplink carrier aggregation in LTE-Advanced," EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking, vol. 1, no. 1, 2015. B. Archana and T.P. Surekha, "Resource Allocation in LTE: An Extensive Review on Methods, Challenges and Future Scope ," Communications on Applied Electronics, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 2394-4714, 2015. Jeanette Wannstrom. (2013) www.3gpp.org. [Online]. https://www.3gpp.org/technologies/keywords-acronyms/97-lte-advanced Woojin Ahn, Young Yong Kim, and Ronny Yongho Kim, "An Energy Efficient Multi-User Uplink Transmission Scheme in the Next Generation WLAN for Internet of Things," Yonsei University, 2015. Phond Phunchongharn, Ekram Hossain, and Dong In Kim, "Resource allocation for device-to-device communications underlaying LTE-advanced networks," IEEE Wireless Communications, vol. 20, no. 4, 2013. Elias Yaacoub and Zaher Dawy, Resource Allocation in Uplink OFDMA Wireless Systems: Optimal Solutions and Practical Implementations.: WILEY- IEEE Press, 2012. Panagopoulos and D. Athanasios, Handbook of Research on Next Generation Mobile Communication Systems.: IGI Global, 2015. Raymond Kwan, Cyril Leung, and Jie Zhang, "Resource allocation in an LTE cellular communication system," in ICC'09 Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE international conference on Communications, 2009, pp. 3915-3919. A. M. El-Hajj and Z. Dawy, "On optimized joint uplink/downlink resource allocation in OFDMA networks," in ISCC '11 Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications, 2011, pp. 248-253. Luca Anchora, Luca Canzian, Leonardo Badia, and Michele Zorzi, "A Characterization of Resource Allocation in LTE Systems Aimed at Game Theoretical Approaches," 2010. Byong Ok Lee, Oh-Soon Shin, and Kwang Bok Lee, "Distributed user selection scheme for uplink multiuser MIMO systems in a multicell environment," Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking, vol. 1, no. 1, 2012. Robert Schober, Wolfgang Gerstacker, Shahram Zarei, Yongpeng Wu, and Jiayi Zhang, "Massive MIMO Systems," Institute for Digital Communications, 2014. Songnan Xi and Michael D. Zoltowski, "Uplink Multiuser MIMO Transceiver Design with Transmitting Beamforming under Power Constraints," in Military Communications Conference, 2006. M. Kottkamp, A. Roessler, and J. Schlienz, "LTE-Advanced Technology Introduction," 2012. Qaraqe and Marwa, "Uplink Multiuser Scheduling Techniques for Spectrum Sharing Systems," Texas AM University, 2012. Elias Yaacoub and Zaher Dawy, "A Survey on Uplink Resource Allocation in OFDMA Wireless Networks," IEEE Communications Surveys Tutorials, vol. 14, no. 2, 2012.

Michael Coppola Essays (985 words) - Economy, Structure,

Michael Coppola The American Dream The American Dream The American Dream is to Live comfortably and avoid debilitating poverty. Despite the United States containing some of the richest people in the world, The American Dream has been an unachievable goal for most citizens due to our society and the wage gap. The wage gap prevents people from achieving a comfortable life that can be maintained, and achieving the American Dream. In today's day and age, we all don't get the same choices and opportunities, much like in F. Scott Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby, Nick's father had said 'Whenever you feel like criticizing anyone,' he told me, 'just remember that all the people in this world haven't had the advantages that you've had' (page 5). Nick was reminded not to judge others because he was given wealth and opportunities that many others did not receive, much like today's society, where everybody does not start off at the same place. It's unfair that many people receive so much more wealth from pure luck compared to others. Many of these people who are much richer can oppress these people and control the world around them, evident in both how They were careless people, Tom and Daisy - they smashed up things and creatures and then retreated back into their money or their vast carelessness or whatever it was that kept them together, and let other people clean up the mess they had made (page 188) and how Meyer Wolfenstein fixed the world series, which was found out when Nick said "The idea staggered me. I remembered, of course, that the World's Series had been fixed in 1919, but if I had thought of it at all I would have thought of it as a thing that merely happened, the end of some inevitable chain. It never occurred to me that one man could start to play with the faith of fifty million people - with the single-mindedness of a burglar blowing a safe". These people had so much money to rely on, keeping them safe from any form of risk or jurisdiction for anything they had done wrong, avoiding from ruining their pristine and clean record. Although The American Dream of making money and living a comfortable life seemed difficult then, We can still see many of the same issues today. Nick Wing reminds us "According to 2012 Census data, more than 7 percent of American workers fell below the federal poverty line, making less than $11,170 for a single person and $15,130 for a couple. By some estimates, one in four private-sector jobs in the U.S. pays under $10 an hour". Many people today still face extremely heavy poverty and fail to climb the American dream and to raise the wages to live comfortably due to the inability to afford education and begin a higher paying career. Not only does this hole of poverty keep people inside of it, but drags people in as well. The people becoming part of this hole are "a diverse range of people: single parents, couples with and without children, young women with graduate degrees, business owners, seniors and everyone in between. Their financial situations, however, show many similarities. Jobs generally provide them with the means to barely scrape by, treading paycheck-to-paycheck, earning just enough to keep from going under, swa llowing their pride sometimes to take food stamps or visit food banks. Others are entirely out of work, tirelessly seeking employment and relying on other means to survive." according to Nick Wing. So many different people living so many different lives can all be destroyed and torn away from the American dream. The wage gap is only growing where the rich become richer and the poor become poorer. Erik Sherman says, "For the first time in this report series, Allianz calculated each country's wealth Gini coefficient -- a measure of inequality in which 0 is perfect equality and 100 would mean perfect inequality, or one person owning all the wealth. It found that the U.S. had the most wealth inequality, with a score of 80.56, showing the most concentration of overall wealth in the hands of the proportionately fewest people". A great amount of these people are constantly being dragged into poverty as the

Twig Anatomy for Tree Identification

Twig Anatomy for Tree Identification To use a tree twig key means learning a twigs botanical parts. A key can help you identify a tree to the specific species by asking two question where you can affirm one and eliminate the other. This is called a dichotomous key. Here  is one of the best online twig keys. Terms You Must Know Opposite or Alternate Twigs: Most tree twig keys start with the arrangement of leaf, limb, and buds. It is the primary first separation of the most common tree species. You can eliminate major blocks of trees just by observing its leaf and twig arrangement. Alternate leaf attachments have one unique leaf at each leaf node and typically alternate direction along the stem. Opposite leaf attachments pair leaves at each node. Whorled leaf attachment is where three or more leaves attach at each point or node on the stem. The opposites are maple, ash, dogwood, paulownia buckeye and boxelder (which is really a maple). The alternates are oak, hickory, yellow poplar, birch, beech, elm, cherry, sweetgum, and sycamore. The Terminal Bud: There is a bud on the tip of every twig where growth occurs. It is often larger than the lateral buds and some can be absent. Trees easily identified by their terminal buds are yellow poplar (mitten or duckbilled shaped), dogwood (clove-shaped flower bud) and oak (clustered bud ends). The Lateral Buds: These are buds on each side of the branch. The trees easily identified by a lateral bud is beech (long, pointed scaled bud) and elm (buds off center over leaf scar). The Leaf Scar: This is a scar of leaf attachment. When the leaf drops, a scar is left just under the bud and it can be unique. The trees easily identified by its leaf scars are hickory (3-lobed), ash (shield-shaped)and dogwood (leaf scar encircles the twig). The Lenticel: There are cork-filled pores on most trees that permit the living inner bark to breathe. I use the narrow, long and light lenticels to partly identify just one species that can be tricky - black cherry. The Bundle Scar: You can see scars within the leaf scar that are a big help in identification. These visible dots or lines are cork filled ends of tubes that supply the leaf with water. The trees easily identified by its bundle or vein scars are ash (continuous bundle scars), maple (three bundle scars), and oaks (numerous scattered bundle scars) The Stipule Scar: This is the scar of a leaf-like attachment just off the leaf stem. Since all trees do not have stipules the presence or absence of stipule scars is often helpful in identifying a winter twig. The trees easily identified by its stipule scar is magnolia and yellow poplar. The Pith: The pith is the soft inner core of the twig. The trees easily identified by its pith are black walnut and butternut (both with chambered pith) and hickory (tan, 5-sided pith). One bit of caution when using the above markers. You need to observe an average-looking and maturing tree and stay away from root sprouts, seedlings, suckers and juvenile growth. Rapidly growing young growth can (but not always) have atypical markers that will confuse the beginning identifier.

5 Tips for Avoiding the First Day Freakout

5 Tips for Avoiding the First Day Freakout I don’t care how far you are from your last first day of school- everybody gets nervous on their first day of work at a new job. Will my coworkers like me? Where will I sit at lunch? Is my outfit too formal? Not formal enough? What if I get stuck in the elevator with the CEO? Take a deep breath and set yourself some priorities: 1. Make a good impression on your boss. 2. Don’t make a bad impression on your colleagues. 3. Accomplish one relevant work task. There. Not too bad, right?Now, in order to calm down enough to tackle your to-do list, try these techniques from Joanne Troppello at CareerAddict!1. Remind Yourself You Were ChosenOn every sweepstakes I used to enter as a kid, I always noticed the â€Å"many will enter, few will win† fine print at the bottom. It’s true for jobs too- probably a ton of people applied for the position you’ve just landed, and they picked YOU. Remind yourself why you thought you were qualified for this job to begin with. A tip that seems silly but really works: reread your resume and cover letter if you have to!2. Remember a Past Professional SuccessThink back to your last job, or your favorite class in school, or a time you triumphed when the going got tough. Odds are you had to adjust to a new situation first, or had to confront obstacles in your path- even if it wasn’t easy, you got through it and accomplished something awesome on the other side. Trust that the muscle memory of succeeding is inside you somewhere, and it’ll kick in when you need it.3. Focus on the PositiveTry to embrace the fact that you feel nervous. Accept it as proof that you want to do well at this new gig! If you let it take you down a negative spiral, it can be hard to turn back towards the light. Decide to be optimistic, decide to feign confidence until you feel it, and hold your head up on the tedious office tour or HR presentation that will kick off your first day.4. Take the Initiative to InteractI always get nervous at new jobs because I am not a schmoozer. I’m an introvert who would happily work side by side in silence with other introverts or my dog- but that’s not how offices work. If social interaction at the workplace doesn’t come easily to you either, have a plan for you. Greet everyone you’re introduced to with a smile or a handshake, jot names down and sketch out a seating chart to remember where their desks are, and have some innocuous questions about where to get lunch or coffee ready to go in case there’s a pause for conversation.â€Å"It’s nice to meet you!† â€Å"I look forward to working together!† Really, that’s all you need to get started.5. See Your Manager as a CollaboratorOnce you’ve had a micromanage-y or overly critical boss it’s easy to go into a new job situation bracing for conflict. But see this job as a fresh start and remember that your boss is invested in your success- theyâ€⠄¢re on your team! Ask questions when you have them, share your enthusiasm for a particularly great project, and work smoothly with your colleagues, and they’ll appreciate you just as much.And last but not least, lay out your outfit ahead of time. That one’s not from CareerAddict, that’s from my mom.  5 Ways to Avoid â€Å"First Day† Nerves When Starting a New Job  Read More at www.careeraddict.com

Reflection in Gynaecology Emergency Care Case Study

Reflection in Gynaecology Emergency Care - Case Study Example Reflection in nursing is within the context of practice (Burns and Bulman, 2000). Burton (2000) states reflective practice is designed to raise more questions as threads that may extend into future but on lived experiences (Burton, 2000). Cotton (2001) called it a process of dynamic evolution to examine appropriateness of action (Cotton, 2001). Johns (2007: 8) states reflection to be an intellectual effort on the part of the professionals that incorporates thinking, feeling, and action that essentially arise from practice (Johns, 2007: 8). Therefore exploration of self through reflection on experiences would develop self-awareness and ability to evaluate actions. McKenna (1999) stated that philosophical assumptions serve as contexts in reflection (McKenna, 1999). Teekman (2000) wrote reflection to be a system intended for actions based on philosophy in nursing (Teekman, 2000). Valuable learning can take place within clinical nursing practice, often using reflection as the key strategy. Reflection offers an opportunity for practitioners to enlighten the essential nature of the care (Fejes, 2008). This reflective account is about an incident on my placement in the gynaecology unit in an NHS Hospital. ... This reflective practice would also help me to identify my strength areas and weaknesses in competence, so I can understand better the importance of maintaining and developing professional competence. Description Molly is a 23-year-old married lady admitted to the Gynaecology ward from the Emergency Unit with the diagnosis of severe left sided lower abdominal pain, nausea, and weakness and fainting suspected to be left sided tubal ectopic pregnancy. Molly had a past history of pelvic inflammatory disease following an induced abortion 6 months ago. She had missed a period which is 2 weeks overdue, and two days back, she had just a slight spotting. Her problems of abdominal discomfort started yesterday which she terms as vague soreness on the left lower abdomen. Today this vague discomfort was replaced by sharp, colicky pain in the left lower abdomen accompanied by vaginal spotting. In the Emergency Room, a vital sign record revealed tachycardia and a low blood pressure. She had demonstrated some air hunger, and the emergency department physician detected cyanosis and started her on mask ventilation on 100% oxygen (Edwards, 1997). An intravenous fluid infusion was started, and a FBC drawn revea led severe anaemia in the range of 7 g percent (Adam and Osbourne, 2005). When the patient stabilized in the emergency room, an ultrasonography revealed an ectopic pregnancy in the left utero-ovarian tube with imminent rupture. She was immediately admitted to the inpatient Gynecology ward where emergency management was started and a considerable extent of care was delivered by me under guidance of my mentor. While the patient was decided to be prepared for an emergency surgery, I had to monitor her vital signs,

Element of Literature (theme, character, setting, conflicts, etc Essay

Element of Literature (theme, character, setting, conflicts, etc - Essay Example This paper examines all the similarities between these three works and establishes the commonality between the characters and their presentations. Tragedy has been a theme for playwrights since the beginning of literature, well explored by Greek poets like Sophocles, medieval English writers, and Elizabethan playwrights, of which Shakespeare is prominent. The most prominent cause of the tragedy in these plays would be the tragic hero fighting against his/her impending doom. ‘The tragic hero is divided "between imperative and impulse, between moral ordinance and unruly passion . . . between law and lust" (Heilman 207).’ (Brown, 2009). If we explore the similarities between the two Elizabethan dramas, Macbeth, Hamlet and the ancient Greek tragedy, Oedipus, we find that the protagonists have that fatal flaw which draws them to their downfall and all other elements that make a tragedy. When these protagonists live, they teach us many lessons with the mistakes that they commit in their life. They seem to exist to attain the ultimate goal of death.† We admire the daring, uncompromising spirit of the tragic hero wh ile recognizing that what he gains in intensity of life, he often pays for with its brevity.† (Brown, 2009). Shakespeare’s tragedies â€Å"follow a basic pattern of complication, crisis, and conclusion but with multiple variations.† (Brown, 2009). If we compare and seek similarities between the characters of the three works, we find that as mentioned above, all protagonists unconsciously seek their own fall. Hamlet muses far too much over his father’s death and even when his father has shown him the path of revenge, he fails to kill Claudius when he has the chance. Macbeth on the other hand, blinded easily by ambition and avarice, kills Duncan in haste without pondering over the consequences. Oedipus’s flaw is his colossal ego or Hubris. It does not bring about his misery directly but does lead to

The hound of the Baskervilles Essay Example for Free

The hound of the Baskervilles Essay This type of secrecy suggests that he didnt trust Watsons judgement or theory and decided to spy on him, but that is not the case he was merely getting a better perspective on the whole mystery, he felt he needed an unclouded judgement, un-tampered from everyones views. From his temporary residence he witnessed Mr Stapleton rush out of his house when he heard that Sir Henry was dead and the disappointment when he found out that it actually wasnt Sir Henry. This is interesting because most people would be relieved if a neighbour/friend was actually alive, but instead this shows Mr Stapleton has a hidden agenda/motive. No dont tell me that it is our friend Sir Henry! this line is really ironic as he believes that Sir Henry is the one enemy he has. Stapleton turned a ghastly face upon us, but by a supreme effort he had overcome his amazement and his disappointment. Holmes reveals some astounding news that Miss and Mr Stapleton are actually married and that he is a Baskerville. These family secrets bring more intrigue into the story. Making it more like real life as every family has something they dont share with the outside world. The suspense of the mystery has now been dissolved, but the suspense of how to catch the culprit is at its peak. Holmes being the secluded man he is keeps his plans to himself, but tells Sir Henry to dine at the Stapletons and to let them know that he intends to walk home. Holmes also has some more news: he and Watson will be returning to London. This seems slightly peculiar as you wonder why he would leave at such a crucial time. But again it is a cover; he wants to make the criminal feel un-pressured and more relaxed, so that he is more likely to leave some clues. Sir Henry dines at the Stapletons house, while outside Watson, Holmes, Mortimer and Lestrade (a resident policeman who has power of authority in that area), wait for Henry to leave. However they do not see Miss Stapleton, which could be a key variable in Holmes plan as well as the ever thickening fog that is drawing closer by the minute. As the moment draws nearer Watson seems to be growing more agitated, at one point demanding that they get Sir Henry out. However Holmes believes that he is not harm while at the house. Their next reactions are delayed as the fog has hindered their eyesight white fog It was drifting slowly in our direction, Holmes plan did not foresee this and it causes them to loose valuable time. The only sense they can rely on is sound, and the next thing they hear is the slavering and howling of a Hound. Holmes is quick on his feet and rushes to where the sound is coming from, with his pistol at his side. The others have trouble keeping up but manage to come to his aid, just in time to see a massive hound fall upon Sir Henry. The description of the hound is so vivid and detailed, that you can actually imagine every inch of it enormous coal black hound, but not such a hound as mortal eyes have ever seen fire burst from its open mouth, its eyes glowed with a smouldering glare. This particular description seems something out of a nightmare and immortal suggests that it cannot be killed. However the imagination plays tricks and can perceive different images from what they really are. They do manage to kill the hound with a couple of pistol shots, which suggests how strong the hound was seeing as it could withstand at least one shot. Sir Henry was badly hurt which wasnt something Holmes had wanted but nevertheless apologised for. Dr Mortimer announced that there was only superficial damage, but there may also be psychological damage from facing something that ferocious and shocking. Holmes and Watson go to Stapletons house but they are too late and he has disappeared out on to the moor. So they instead start a search for Miss Stapleton, they search the house until they find a locked door. Holmes barges through it which shows his strong masculine side and that he is capable both mentally and physically. Miss Stapleton is found tied and gagged with red weals from whip lashes, this shows that domestic violence was an occurrence then as it is now. Her first words are that of concern for Sir Henry which shows her emotions were genuine. Holmes searches for Stapleton but he is never found, that is sort of a cliff hanger as you dont know if he will strike again. But his hound is dead so he has no weapon, and also not even an expert like him would have been able to navigate his way through a bog at that time of night. Sherlock Holmes concludes another one of his cases with the wit and sharp thinking as always. But how he does it, most of the great detective fans know him so well, that they feel they have actually met him. It would therefore be presumptuous to try and define him, as many admirers may each have very different views about this legendary character. But you can compare Sherlock Holmes to many of the nowadays detectives as they have their personality shown through before we even get to know them, that is true for Holmes because the first we see of him is his sharp attitude and judgemental ways. For example, we can now see Dalziel and Pascoe on our screens. Dalziel being the Detective Superintendent is obviously the superior to his young sidekick Detective Inspector Pascoe, his mentor even. Dalziel is blunt-talking, politically incorrect and can be very intense at times. Compared to his subordinate Pascoe who is university educated and well mannered, they are complete opposites. A bit like Watson and Holmes, Holmes is more educated and has been in the trade longer, he also cuts straight to the point even if he does draw it out slightly. Watson is from a different era of education and treats people with a bit more respect, he is more compatible with other people, while Holmes is recluse from others. The reasons that we find detective stories so enthralling are that we enjoy playing the detective as well as watching the real one. It gives us a sense of power and a feeling that we are above others. It also gives us a chance to step into someone elses shoes. We find enrapturement for a while but then reality consumes us again and makes us realise that it will never happen, but it also gives us a small comfort that another offender has been caught although it is only a story, it gives us hope that people are out there helping others and protecting us from criminals. Those same beliefs have been carried from Victorian times to our time. And the fact that good almost always triumphs over evil. This makes Detective novels such as the Hound of the Baskervilles so enjoyable to read. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Arthur Conan Doyle section.